X-Ray

X-ray is a safe and painless process which frequently used to create inside images of the body. An effective way of observing the fractured bones, such as a broken arm, wrist or feet etc. X-ray may also be used to scan organs and detect complications. X-ray can detect a lung infection, like pneumonia. X-ray is used by surgeons during healing process such as a coronary angioplasty, to guide equipment to the area being treated.

X-rays are type of radiation. X-rays have high frequency and short wave length as compared to light, thus they pass through the human body, the energy particles called Photon are absorbed at different rates. White areas are the dense matter the darker areas are the softer parts such as lungs and heart, on the X-ray image

Radiography is imaging technique that uses electromagnetic radiation i.e X-rays, to view the internal structure in the human body. X-rays are carried out by radiographers, professionals who are trained to use imaging technology. The part of the body which is to be examined is place between the X-ray machine and the photographic plate. As the X-rays hit the photographic plate a snap shot of the image is formed on the plate. Exposure to high levels of radiation can be very harmful.

X-rays uses

Medical Use
Fractured bones, detect kidney stones, cancer, ulcers, and other medical issues.To detect diseases of the teeth.  Used to cure malignant and benign tumors, X-rays are also used to treat bursitis and leukemia.
     
Used for industrial purpose: to remove beryl from granite ,to check aeroplane and vehicles parts, plastics,rubber goods, metal castings etc.

Other uses: to study the structure of crystals or molecules. Forensic study locate bullets and other foreign objects within the body. To check customers and baggage at Airport , Railway Stations, etc.To check  paintings whether genuine or copies. To read parchments that would fall apart if unrolled like National Archive documents, the Dead Sea Scrolls etc. 

German physicist called Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen discovered X-rays  in 1895  almost by accident. Experiments in which he passed an electric current through Crookes tubes, Rontgen noticed that photographic plates grew fogged. He placed black paper on the tube and then switched on the current.Nearby a screen coated with barium began to glow. This caused him to believe that unknown rays produced inside the tube were passing through the paper to make this fluorescent substance give out light. Since x is a scientific numeral for anything that is unknown, he named them X-rays. Rontgen took an X-ray photograph of his wife's hand Anna which clearly revealed her wedding ring and her bones.

In 1901 Rontgen was awarded the very first Nobel Prize in Physics.

Telephone

Telephone: is a communication device which allows two or more users to make a conversation and listen to each other directly even though they are not in the same vicinity.

Telephone an invention which helps to communicate with people. Useful when we are located at a different place to have a conversation with family members, friends, colleagues etc. With use of telephone we know what’s happening, health status of a particular person, events, occasion, mishaps, gossip, etc. Telephones a vital part of our lives, in the yester years the regulatory authorities during crisis used to temporary disconnect the connection to avoid wide spread of public panic. The telephone has evolved from Hand Cranked wall phones to the i-phone. Main function of the telephone is to make calls, now modern telephones can perform various  functions like text, voicemail, pictures, video, music, internet, emails, GPS, video games etc. The telephone works on the principle that converts sound waves in electric signals and vice-verse. Simultaneous inventions of the microphone signal amplifiers and speaker were required for the telephone.

 Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone, filed a patent describing his method of transmitting sounds on February 14, 1876, just hours before Elisha Gray. On March 7, 1876, the Patent Office awarded Bell what is said to be one of the most valuable patents in history. It is most likely that both Bell and Gray independently devised their telephone designs as an outgrowth of their work on harmonic telegraphy. Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone, when he made the first call on March 10, 1876, to his assistant Thomas Watson said "Mr. Watson--come here--I want to see you.


Following video, we can listen the original voice of Graham Bell in which he says" hear my voice, Alexander Graham Bell".

Life would not be the same without telephone.

Penicillin

A mold on the bread and suddenly gets a notion that it just might heal disease?
Penicillin is one of the earliest discovered and widely used antibiotic agents, derived from the Penicillium mold. Antibiotics are natural substances that are released by bacteria and fungi into the environment, as a means of inhibiting other organisms - it is chemical warfare on a microscopic scale.

There are number of penicillin types, that react to bacteria in a variety of degrees, some of these are: ampicillin, amoxicillin, flucloxacillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin
Penicillins were one of the first drugs used to treat diseases such as syphilis, and are still in great use in modern day medicine. Many kinds of bacteria however are now penicillin resistant.

There are three main instances where penicillin would be used, these are:



To aid in fighting off a bacterial infection e.g. tonsillitis

To prevent infection for someone with a weakened immune system due to existing illness/condition e.g. someone with sickle cell disease
To give someone's immune system help if they are undergoing treatment which could leave them vulnerable to infection.

Alexander Flemming  for this discovery back in 1928 (penicillin), when he forgot to clean up his workstation before going on holiday. On his return, he discovered that fungus had grown on the cultures he'd been looking at and the bacteria perished in the area of these cultures. Howard Florey and Boris Chain for isolating and purifying penicillin, helping us to use it as an antibiotic. Penicillin has helped to treat many diseases, so when it comes to mind think Penicillin as important scientific discoveries.

Refrigerator

Refrigerator also known as fridge. There have been many inventions that have affected our civilization immensely; the invention of the refrigerator has had the great impact on mankind.

One of the influential inventions in history is refrigerator. Without the invention of refrigerator, Foods could not be kept for long periods of time. The two major methods of food preservation used were canning and salting foods, and these were not very proficient. Food got spoiled and germs and diseases began to spread. A refrigerator maintains a temperature a few degrees above the freezing point of water. Optimum temperature range for perishable food storage is 3 to 5 °C .A similar device that maintains a temperature below the freezing point of water is called a freezer.

The refrigerator may be used every day. We would not possess certain daily luxuries, such as, cold drinks, ice-creams, jellies, custards etc. The refrigerator has also been a cost-effective product in the extended run. People are able to purchase food in bulk amounts, without the worry that something will spoil. Artificial refrigeration was demonstrated by William Cullen at the University of Glasgow 1748, Carl Von Linden in 1876, an engineer from Germany. His first efforts eventually lead to the way we use our fridge in modern times. In 1804 Oliver Evans invented a refrigerator. In 1834 Jacob Perkins invented the "practical version of Refrigerator”.

Inventions and discoveries

Inventions and discoveries have touched our lives and changed the way we live. The comforts we enjoy today, the places we can travel in reduced time, the means of communication we use, the improvement in the health care, etc. are the result of the curiosity of brilliant minds. The thought process which was required to think differently and the out of box thinking came from the curious desire of people who had a desire to do something different. Science has made tremendous contributions and has carved the way for our future. Humans are now the masters on land, sea and air.

Invention is a unique or novel device, method composition or process leading to an improvement upon a machine or product.

Discovery on the other hand is the act of detecting something new or something old that has been unknown. Discovery is the observation of new phenomena, new actions, or new events and providing new reasoning to explain the knowledge gathered through observation.Discoveries are often made due to questions. Some discoveries lead to the invention of objects, processes, or techniques.


What is required today is to think differently and out of the box. One may fail and not get the desired result. But our motto should be “Try, Try till you succeed”. The human spirit encourages us to rise when down. The world may push your back to the wall, but you have to give your best efforts.Since time immemorial apples have been falling from the apple tree but it took one curious mind, Sir Isaac Newton to develop a scientific theory about Gravity. The never give up attitude of Thomas Alva Edison before he made a successful model of the light bulb. Albert Einstein who developed the general theory of relativity, mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2 , discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect, and many others. One similarity among all the inventors is that they had a desire to do something different.


Inventions and discoveries have led to many good developments and betterment of human lives. However the way we use these Inventions is up to us. We can use them in good way or in a destructive way. Every human has a free will. So let us use the products and processes of inventions and discoveries for Peace, Good Health, Comfort and Betterment of Humankind.